## Introduction

Land movements vary widely in nature (landslides, rockfalls, mudflows, underground collapses, subsidence, soil swelling/shrinkage, etc.) and scale (some slides can involve tens of millions of cubic meters).

Their spatial distribution is influenced by:

- Topography

- Geology (rock type, fracturing, hydrogeology)

- External loading (physical environment)

They occur not only in mountainous and coastal regions but also in areas with high densities of underground voids (natural or mined) and in clay soils sensitive to moisture changes. Their occurrence is strongly linked to climatic variations (heavy rainfall, snow melt, drought) but can also be triggered by seismic activity or human actions