THERMODYNAMICS
الخطوط العريضة للقسم
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If you found the pretest challenging or made several errors, it might be helpful to revisit some fundamental concepts before diving into the course. To support your review, we’ve provided a selection of recommended resources below.
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This chapter introduces the definition and classification of thermodynamic systems, presents key state variables and state functions, explains the conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium, and explores the various modes of energy transfer between a system and its surroundings
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This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of heat quantity (Q) and work, explores the principles of calorimetry and the various types of calorimeters, and explains the mechanical equivalence between heat and work. Emphasis is placed on practical applications through real-world thermodynamic processes.






