The fuel cell's role is to convert chemical energy into electrical and thermal energy. It differs from conventional accumulators and batteries by the nature of its electrodes, which do not undergo any structural alteration during the reactions and only serve as supports for them.

The second renewable energy source is the biofuel cell, which is based on biomass such as plants, bacteria, des enzymes, algaes, and microorganisms, with the same operating principle as the proton exchange membrane (H+) fuel cell, except that the usual noble metal-based catalysts are replaced by microalgaes and microorganisms.

The objective of this course is to acquire knowledge about water and its properties, to learn the methods for acquiring hydro-chemical data and their interpretation, to assess water quality, and to identify potential pollution.